汉武帝有些犹豫不决，要出兵西域，需耗费数不清的钱粮，能因为遭受不公平待遇就出兵吗？这件事就暂时放下了。使团再三请求汉武帝出兵，汉武帝没有说出兵，也没有说不出兵。
真正让汉武帝出兵西域的是一件事。汉武帝喜欢大宛的汗血宝马，但大宛国不想给汉朝，就把好马都藏匿在贰师城。汉武帝一提到大宛的汗血宝马，心里就美滋滋的。汉武帝派遣壮士车令为使臣，带着千金和金马，去请求大宛国王交换二师城的好马。
大宛国王与大臣们商议，如何处理汉朝的请求。大臣们说：“汉朝虽很强大，但离我们太远，道路又险峻难行。就经过盐泽来我国便屡有死亡。走北边有匈奴阻拦，很难走得通。从南边来又缺少水草，没有城镇，饮食很缺乏。”
又有大臣说：汉朝使者每批几百人，常常因为食物缺乏，饿死的人接近一半，这种情况，汉朝是无法派大军前来的，他们对我们是无可奈何。我们不必那么怕他们，完全可以自己做主。
大宛国王拒绝了汉使者用金马换汗血宝马的请求，使者回去无法向汉武帝交差，就非常愤怒，扬言要砸碎金马离去。大宛的贵族官员也发怒说：“汉朝使者太轻视我们大宛国了，难道要强买强卖吗？”
大宛国遣关汉朝使者离境，并命令东边的郁成国阻击并杀死了汉朝使者，抢去了他们的财物。
消息传到汉朝，汉武帝雷霆震怒，决定出兵大宛国。汉武帝把出使西域的使臣召来，问他们如何攻打大宛国。出使大宛的使臣姚定汉说：“大宛兵弱，若有善战的将军，率领三千大汉军士，用强弓硬弩射击他们，就可以全部俘获他们的军队，打败大宛。”
因为汉武帝曾经派浞野侯赵破奴攻打楼兰，他率领七百骑兵抢先攻破楼兰，俘虏了楼兰王，所以天子认为姚定汉说的对。汉武帝的宠姬李夫人，总希望她的家人能够封侯，但因为没有战功，汉武帝也是爱莫能助。
汉武帝觉得机会来了，就派李夫人的兄弟李广利，任贰师将军，调发属国六千骑兵，以及各郡国的不良少年几万人，前去讨伐大宛。目的是到二师城取回良马，所以称李广利为二师将军。赵始成为军正，浩侯王恢担任军队向导。李多当校尉，掌握军中事情。
贰师将军的军队，已经过了西部盐泽，所路过的小国都害怕，各自坚守城堡，不肯供应汉军食物。汉军攻城又攻下来，攻下城来，才有饮食。攻不下来，几天内就得离开那里。
待到汉军到达郁城，战士跟上中军的不过数千人。因给养跟不上，战士们饥饿难当，疲惫不堪。二师将军李广利立功心切，率领疲惫之师攻打郁城，汉军大败，
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